1. Name of Standard. DES Modes of Operation.
2. Category of Standard. ADP Operations, computer security.
3. Explanation. The Federal Data Encryption Standard (DES) (FIPS 46) specifies a crypto-graphic algorithm to be used for the cryptographic protection of sensitive, but unclassified, computer data. This FIPS defines four modes of operation for the DES which may be used in a wide variety of applications. The modes specify how data will be encrypted (cryptographically protected) and decrypted (returned to original form). The modes included in this standard are the Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode, the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, the Cipher Feedback (CFB) mode, and the Output Feedback (OFB) mode.
The body of this standard provides specifications of the recommended modes of operation but does not specify the necessary and sufficient conditions for their secure implementation in a particular application. This standard specifies the numbering of data bits, how the bits are encrypted and decrypted, and the data paths and the data processing necessary for encrypting and decrypting data or messages.
This standard is based on (and references) the DES and provides the next level of detail necessary for providing compatibility among DES equipment. This standard anticipates the development of a set of application standards which reference it such as communication security standards, data storage standards, password protection standards and key management standards. Cryptographic system designers or security application designers must select one or more of the possible modes of operation for implementing and using the DES in a cryptographic system or security application. The Appendices to this standard provide tutorial information on the modes of operation and examples for validating their correct implementation. The Appendices are guidelines and are not mandatory requirements of this standard.
4. Approving Authority. Secretary of Commerce.
5. Maintenance Agency. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Computer Systems Laboratory.
6. Related Documents.
8. Specifications. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS 81) DES Modes of Operation (affixed).
9. Qualifications. The DES modes of operation described in this standard are based upon information provided by many sources within the Federal Government and private industry.
These modes are presently being implemented in cryptographic equipment containing DES devices. However, a standard of this nature must, of necessity, remain flexible enough to adapt to advancements and innovations in science and technology. As such, this standard should not be construed as being either exhaustive or static. It will be reviewed every five years in order to incorporate new implementations whose technical or economic merit justify the issuance of a revised standard. FIPS 46 requires implementation of the DES algorithm in electronic devices when used by Federal departments and agencies. The DES, itself, must therefore be in hardware or firmware for Federal applications. However, the modes of operation specified in this standard may be implemented in software, hardware, or firmware.
10. Export Control. Cryptographic devices and technical data regarding them are subject to Federal Government export controls as specified in Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 121 through 128. Cryptographic devices implementing this standard and technical data regarding them must comply with these Federal regulations.
11. Patents. Cryptographic equipment implementing this standard may be covered by U.S. and foreign patents.
12. Implementation Schedule. This standard becomes effective on June 2, 1981.
13. Waivers. Heads of agencies may request that the requirements of this standard be waived in instances where it can be clearly demonstrated that there are appreciable performance or cost advantages to be gained and when the overall interests of the Federal Government are best served by granting the requested waiver. Such waiver requests will be reviewed by and are subject to the approval of the Secretary of Commerce. The waiver request must specify anticipated performance and cost advantages in the justification for the waiver.
Forty-five days should be allowed for review and response by the Secretary of Commerce. Waiver requests shall be submitted to the Secretary of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230, and labeled as a Request for a Waiver to this Federal Information Processing Standard. No agency shall take any action to deviate from this standard prior to the receipt of a waiver approval from the Secretary of Commerce. No agency shall implement or procure equipment using a DES mode of operation not conforming to this standard unless a waiver has been approved.
14. Where to Obtain Copies. Copies of this publication are for sale by the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161. When ordering, refer to Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 81 (FIPS PUB 81), and title. When microfiche is desired, this should be specified. Payment may be made by check, money order, or deposit account.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definitions, Abbreviations, and Conventions
2. ELECTRONIC CODEB00K (ECB) MODE
3. CIPHER BLOCK CHAINING (CBC) MODE
4. CIPHER FEEDBACK (CFB) MODE
5. OUTPUT FEEDBACK (OFB) MODE
FIGURES
(The figures for this document are not available at this time.)
Figure 1. Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode
Figure 2. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode
Figure 3. K-Bit Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode
Figure 4. K-Bit Output Feedback (OFB) Mode
Figure A1: Des Mappings
TABLES
Table B1. An Example of the Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode
Table C1. An Example of the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode
Table D1. An Example of the 1-Bit Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode
Table D2. An Example of the 8-Bit Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode
Table D3. An Example of the 64-Bit Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode
Table D4. An Example of the 7-Bit Cipher Feedback Alternative Mode
Table D5. An Example of the 56-Bit Cipher Feedback Alternative Mode
Table E1. An Example of the 1-Bit Output Feedback (OFB) Mode
Table E2. An Example of the 8-Bit Output Feedback (OFB) Mode
Table F1. An Example of the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode for
Authenticationn
Table F2. An Example of the Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode for
Authentication
APPENDICES
Appendix A. General Information
Appendix B. Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode
Appendix C. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode
Appendix D. Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode
Appendix E. Output Feedback (OFB) Mode
Appendix F. DES Authentication Technique
I. Introduction. Binary data may be cryptographically protected (encrypted) using devices implementing the algorithm specified in the Data Encryption Standard (DES) (FIPS PUB 46) in conjunction with a cryptographic key. The cryptographic key controls the encryption process and the identical key must also be used in the decryption process to obtain the original data. Since the DES is publicly defined, cryptographic security depends on the secrecy of the cryptographic key.
The binary format of a cryptographic key is:
where (B1,B2,...,B56) are the independent bits of a DES key and (PI,P2,...,P8) are reserved for parity bits computed on the preceding seven independent bits and set so that the parity of the octet is odd, i.e., there is an odd number of "1" bits in the octet.
The hexadecimal format of a cryptographic key is:
where (H1,H2,... ,H16) are hexadecimal characters from the set (O,1,...,9,A,B,C,D,E,F). The embedded blanks in the format are optional and lower case letters may be used in place of the upper case letters. This standard assumes that a cryptographic key has been entered into a DES device prior to encryption or decryption.
1.1 Definitions, Abbreviations, and Conventions. The following definitions, abbreviations and conventions shall be used throughout this standard:
DES DEVICE: The electronic component used to implement the DES algorithm, typically an integrated circuit chip or a micro-computer with the DES algorithm specified in a read-only memory program.
DES OUTPUT BLOCK: A block that is the Final result of an encryption or decryption opertion of a DES device. The output block shall be designated (01,02,... ,064) where 01,02,... ,064 represent bits.
In ECB decryption, a cipher text block (C1,C2,...,C64) is used directly as the DES input block (I1,I2,...,164). The input block is then processed through a DES device in the decrypt state. The resultant output block (O1,O2,...,064) is the plain text (D1,D2,. ..,D64) or may be used in subsequent ADP applications.
The ECB decryption process is the same as the ECB encryption process except that the decrypt state of the DES device is used rather than the encrypt state.
3. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode. The Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode is defined as follows (Figure 2). A message to be encrypted is divided into blocks. In CBC encryption, the first DES input block is formed by exclusive-ORing the first block of a message with a 64-bit initialization vector (IV), i.e., (I1,I2,...,I64) = (IV1 D1,IV2 D2,...,IV64 D64). The input block is processed through a DES device in the encrypt state, and the resulting output block is used as the cipher text, i.e., (C1,C2,... ,C64) = (01,02,.. ,064).
This first cipher text block is then exclusive-ORed with the second plain text data block to produce the second DES input block, i.e., (I1,I2,...,I64) = (C1 D1,C2 D2,...,C64 64). Note that I and D now refer to the second block. The second input block is processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce the second cipher text block. This encryption process continues to "chain" successive cipher and plain text blocks together until the last plain text block in the message is encrypted. If the message does not consist of an integral number of data blocks, then the final partial data block should be encrypted in a manner specified for the application. One such method is described in Appendix C of this standard.
In CBC decryption, the first cipher text block of an encrypted message is used as the input block and is processed through a DES device in the decrypt state, i.e., (I1,12,...,164) = (C1,C2,...,C64). The resulting output block, which equals the original input block to the DES during encryption, is exclusive-ORed with the IV (must be same as that used during encryption) to produce the first plain text block, i.e., (D1,D2,...,D64)= (O1 IV1,O2 IV2,...,O64 IV64).
The second cipher text block is then used as the input block and is processed through the DES in the decrypt state and the resulting output block is exclusive-ORed with the first cipher text block to produce the second plain text data block, i.e., (D1,D2,...,D64) = (O1 C1,02 C2,...,064 C64). Note that again the D and O refer to the second block. The CBC decryption process continues in this manner until the last complete cipher text block has been decrypted. Cipher text representing a partial data block must be decrypted in a manner as specified for the application.
4. Cipher Feedback (CFB) Node. The Cipher Feedback (CFB) mode is defined as follows (Figure 3). A message to be encrypted is divided into data units each containing K bits (K = 1,2,... ,64). In both the CFB encrypt and decrypt operations, an initialization vector (IV) of length L is used. The IV is placed in the least significant bits of the DES input block with the unused bits set to "0's," i.e., (I1,12,...,164) - (0,0,...,0,IV1,IV2,IVL).
This input block is processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce an output block. During encryption, cipher text is produced by exclusive-ORing a K-bit plain text data unit with the most significant K bits of the output block, i.e., (C1,C2,...,CK) - (D1 01,D2 02,... ,DK 0K). Similarly, during decryption, plain text is produced by exclusive-ORing a K-bit unit of cipher text with the most significant K bits of the output block, i.e., (DI,D2,...,DK) - (CI 1C2 02,. .. ,CK 0K).
In both cases the unused bits of the DES output block are discarded. In both cases the next input block is created by discarding the most signif icant K bits of the previous input block, shifting the remaining bats K positions to the left and then inserting the K bits of cipher text just produced in the encryption operation or just used in the decrypt operation into the least significant bit positions, i.e., (I1,12,...,164) = (I[K+1l,I[K+21,...,164,CI,C2,...,CK). This input block is then processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce the next output block. This process continues until the entire plain text message has been encrypted or until the entire cipher text message has been decrypted.
The CFB mode may operate on data units of length l through 64 inclusive. K-bit CFB is defined to be the CFB mode operating on data units of length K for K - 1,2,... ,64. For each operation of the DES device one K-bit unit of plain text produces one K-bit unit of cipher text or one K-bit unit of cipher text produces one K-bit unit of plain text.
An acceptable alternative for 8-bit CFB when enciphering 7-bit entities using an 8-bit feedback path is to insert a "1" bit in bit position one of the 8-bit feedback path, i.e., ("1",C1,C2,... ,C7). This results in a "1" always being placed in bit location 57 of the DES input block. This alternative is called the 7-bit CFB(a) mode of operation.
5. Output Feedback (OFB) Node. The Output Feedback (OFB) mode is defined as follows (Figure 4). A message to be encrypted is divided into data units each containing K bits (K = 1,2,...,64). In both the OFB encrypt and decrypt operations, an initialization vector (IV) of length L is used. The IV is placed in the least significant bits of the DES input block with the unused bits set to "O's," i.e., (I1,12,...,164) = (0,0,...,0,IV1,IV2,...,IVL). This input block is processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce an output block. During encryption, cipher text is produced by exclusive-ORing a K-bit plain text data unit with the most significant K bits of the output block, i.e., (C1,C2,...,CK) = (D1 O1,D2 O2,... ,DK OK).
Similarly, during decryption, plain text is produced by exclusive-ORing a K-bit unit of cipher text with the most significant K bits of the output block, i.e., (D1,D2,...,DK) = (C1 01,C2 02,...,CK 0K).
In both cases the unused bits of the DES output block are discarded. In both cases the next input block is created by discarding the most significant K bits of the previous input block, shifting the remaining bits K positions to the left and then inserting the K bits of output just used into the least significant bit positions, i.e., (Il,12,...,164) = I[K+1], I[K+21, ..., I64, 01, 02,...,OK). This input block is then processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce the next output block.
This process continues until the entire plain text message has been encrypted or until the entire cipher text message has been decrypted.
The OFB mode may operate on data units of length 1 through 64 inclusive. K-bit OFB is defined to be the 0FB mode operating on data units of length K for K = 1,2,...,64. For each operation of the DES device one K-bit unit of plain text produces one K-bit unit of cipher text or one K-bit unit of cipher text produces one K-bit unit of plain text.
GENERAL INFORMATION
The National Bureau of Standards issued Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 46 (FIPS PUB 46) in 1977. That standard specifies a cryptographic algorithm, commonly called the Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm, to be used within the Federal Government for the cryptographic protection of sensitive, but unclassified, computer data.
The DES algorithm was developed by the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) and submitted to the National Bureau of Standards during an NBS public solicitation for cryptographic algorithms to be used in a Federal Information Processing Standard. Several methods for incorporating this algorithm into a cryptographic system are possible.
These methods, external to the DES algorithm, have come to be called the "modes of operation." Four modes, called the Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode, the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, the Cipher Feedback (CFB) mode, and the Output Feedback (OFB) mode, are specified in this standard.
ECB is a direct application of the DES algorithm to encrypt and decrypt data; CBC is an enhanced mode of ECB which chains together blocks of cipher text; CFB uses previously generated cipher text as input to the DES to generate pseudo-random outputs which are combined with the plain text to produce cipher text, thereby chaining together the resulting cipher text; OFB is identical to CFB except that the previous output of the DES is used as input in OFB while the previous cipher text is used as input in CFB. OFB does not chain the cipher text. The proposed FIPS specifies these four modes because they are capable of providing acceptable levels of protection for all anticipated unclassified Federal ADP encryption applications.
Unencrypted data is called plain text. Encryption (also called enciphering) is the process of transforming plain text into cipher text. Decryption (also called deciphering) is the inverse transformation. The encryption and decryption processes are performed according to a set of rules, called an algorithm, that is typically based on a parameter called a key. The key is usually the only parameter that must be provided to or by the users of a cryptographic system and must be kept secret. The period of time over which a particular key is used to encrypt or decrypt data is called its cryptoperiod.
Mathematically, the DES maps the set of all possible 64-bit vectors onto itself. See Figure A1. There are 2T64 (2 raised to the 64th power) elements in this set, including all binary numbers from O up to, but not including, 2f64.
The DES cryptographic key allows a user to select any one of 2t56 possible invertible mappings, i.e., transformations that are one-to-one. Selecting a key selects one of the mappings. When using the DES in ECB mode and any particular key, each input is mapped onto a unique output in encryption and this output is mapped back onto the input in decryption. The DES is an iterative, block, product cipher system (i.e., encryption algorithm). A product cipher system mixes transposition and substitution operations in an alternating manner.
Because the DES algorithm maps a 64-bit input block onto a 64-bit output block the DES is called a block cipher system. Iterative refers to the use of the output of an operation as the input for another iteration of the same procedure. The DES internally uses sixteen iterations of a pair of transposition and substitution operations to encrypt or decrypt an input block. A complete specification of the DES algorithm is found in FIPS PUB 46.
Two categories of methods for incorporating the DES in a cryptographic system are block methods and stream methods. In a block method, the DES input block is (or is a simple function of) the plain text to be encrypted and the DES output block is the cipher text.
A stream method is based on generating a pseudo-random binary stream of bits, and then using the exclusive-OR binary operation to combine this pseudo-random sequence with the plain text to produce the cipher text. Since the exclusive-OR operator is its own binary inverse, the same pseudo-random binary stream is used for both the encryption of plain text, P, and the decryption of cipher text, C. If 0 is the pseudo-random binary stream, then C = P 0 and inversely, P = C.
ELECTRONIC CODEBOOK (ECB) MODE
The Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode is a basic, block, cryptographic method which transforms 64 bits of input to 64 bits of output u specified in FIPS PUB 46.
The analogy to a codebook arises because the same plain text block always produces the same cipher text block for a given cryptographic key. Thus a list (or codebook) of plain text blocks and corresponding cipher text blocks theoretically could be constructed for any given key. In electronic implementation the codebook entries are calculated each time for the plain text to be encrypted and, inversely, for the cipher text to be decrypted.
Since each bit of an ECB output block is a complex function of all 64 bits of the input block and all 56 independent (non-parity) bits of the cryptographic key, a single bit error in either a cipher text block or the non-parity key bits used for decryption will cause the decrypted plain text block to have an average error rate of fifty percent. However, an error in one ECB cipher text block will not affect the decryption of other blocks, i.e., there is no error extension between ECB blocks.
If block boundaries are lost between encryption and decryption (e.~., a bit slip), then synchronization between the encryption and decryption operations will be lost until correct block boundaries are reestablished. The results of all decryption operations will be incorrect until this occurs.
Since the ECB mode is a 64-bit block cipher, an ECB device must encrypt data in integral multiples of sixty-four bits. If a user has less than sixty- four bits to encrypt, then the least significant bits of the unused portion of the input data block must be padded, e.g., filled with random or pseudo- random bits, prior to ECB encryption. The corresponding decrypting device must then discard these padding bits after decryption of the cipher text block.
The same input block always produces the same output block under a fixed keg in ECB mode. If this is undesirable in a particular application, the CBC, CFB or OFB modes should be used. An example of the ECB mode is given in Table B1.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE ELECTRONIC CODEBOOK (ECB) MODE
The ECB mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key = 0123456789abcdef
The plain text is the ASCII code for "Now is the time for all ." These
seven-bit characters are written in hexadecimal notation
(0,b7,b6,...,b1).
TIME PLAINTEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT CIPHERTEXT
BLOCK BLOCK
TIME CIPHERTEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT PLAINTEXT
BLOCK BLOCK
CIPHER BLOCK CHAINING (CBC) MODE
CBC is a block cipher system in which the first plain text data block is exclusive-ORed with a block of pseudo-random data prior to being processed through the DES. The resulting cipher text block is then exclusive-ORed with the next plain text data block to form the next input block to the DES, thus chaining together blocks of cipher text. The chaining of cipher text blocks provides an error extension characteristic which is valuable in protecting against fraudulent data alteration. A CBC authentication technique is described in Appendix F.
The CBC mode produces the same cipher text whenever the same plain text is encrypted using the same key and IV. Users who are concerned about this characteristic should incorporate a unique identifier (e.g., a one-up counter) at the beginning of each CBC message within a cryptographic period in order to insure unique cipher text. If the key and the IV are the same and no identifier precedes each message, messages that have the same beginning will have the same cipher text when encrypted in the CBC mode until the blocks that differ in the two messages are encrypted.
Since the CBC mode is a block method of encryption, it must operate on 64-bit data blocks. Partial data blocks (blocks of less than 64 bits) require special handling. One method of encrypting a final partial data block of a message is described below. Others may be defined for special applications.
The following method may be used for applications where the length of the cipher text can be greater than the length of the plain text. In this case the final partial data block of a message is padded in the least significant bits positions with "0"s, "1"s or pseudo- random bits. The decryptor will have to know when and to what extent padding has occurred This can be accomplished explicitly, e.g., using a padding indicator, or implicitly, e.g., using constant length transactions.
The padding indicator will depend on the data being encrypted. If the data is pure binary, then the partial data block should be left justified in the input block and the unused bits of the block set to the complement of the last data bit, i.e., if the last data bit of the message is "0" then "1"s are used as padding bits and if the last data bit is "1" then "0"s are used. The input block is then encrypted.
The resulting output block is the cipher text. The cipher text message must be marked as being padded so that the decryptor can reverse the padding process, remove the padding bits and produce the original plain text. The decryptor scans the decrypted padded block and discards the least significant bits that are all identical. If the data consists of bytes (e.g., 8-bit ASCII characters) then the padding indicator should be a character denoting the number of padding bytes, including itself, and should be placed in the least significant byte of the input block before encrypting. For example if there are five ASCII data characters in the final partial block of a message to be encrypted, then an ASCII "3" is put in the least significant byte of the input block (any pad characters may be used in the other two pad positions) before encryption. Again the cipher text message must be marked as being padded.
In the CBC mode, one or more bit errors within a single cipher text block will affect the decryption of two blocks (the block in which the error occurs and the succeeding block). If the errors occur in the n-th cipher text block, then each bit of the n-th plain text block will have an average error rate of fifty percent. The (n+1)st plain text block will have only those bits in error which correspond directly to the cipher text bits in error.
Block synchronization between encrypt and decrypt operations is required for the CBC mode. If bits are added or are lost in a cipher text block so that block boundaries are lost between the encryption and decryptinn operations, then synchronization is lost. However, cryptographic synchronization will automatically be reestablished 64 bits after block boundaries have been established. This property is known as self-synchronization.
An example of the CBC mode is given in Table C1.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE CIPHER BLOCK CHAINING (CBC) MODE
The CBC mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key = 0123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector = 1234567890abcdef
The plain text is the ASCII code for "Now is the time for all ." These seven- bit characters are written in hexadecimal notation (0,b7,b6,...b1).
TIME PLAINTEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT CIPHERTEXT
BLOCK BLOCK
TIME CIPHERTEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT PLAINTEXT
BLOCK BLOCK
CIPHER FEEDBACK (CFB) MODE
The CFB mode is a stream method of encryption in which the DES is used to generate pseudorandom bits which are exclusive-ORed with binary plain text to form cipher text. The cipher text is fed back to form the next DES input block. Identical messages that are encrypted using the CFB mode and different IVs will have different cipher texts. IVs that are shorter than 64 bits should be put in the least significant bits of the first DES input block and the unused, most significant, bits initialized to "0's."
In the CFB mode, errors in any K-bit unit of cipher text will affect the decryption of the garbled cipher text and also the decryption of succeeding cipher text until the bits in error have been shifted out of the CFB input block. The first af fected K-bit unit of plain text will be garbled in exactly those places where the cipher text is in error. Succeeding decrypted plain text will have an average error rate of fifty percent until all errors have been shifted out of the DES input block. Assuming no additional errors are encountered during this time, the correct plain text will then be obtained.
If K-bit boundaries are lost during decryption, then cryptographic synchronization will be lost until cryptographic initialization is performed or until 64 bits after the K-bit boundaries have been reestablished.
The encryption and decryption processes in the CFB mode both use the encrypt state of the DES. Examples of 1, 8, and 64-bit CFB mode are given in Tables D1, D2, and D3, respectively.
The 7-bit CFB alternative mode is defined in the standard in order to encipher and decipher 7-bit codes and still use an 8-bit feedback path. Most commercial implementations of the DES are designed to efficiently handle 8-bit bytes of data and key. Most computer and communication systems of recent architecture are also designed to efficiently handle full 8-bit bytes. However, some systems use the most significant bit as a parity bit. These systems often generate the parity bit during transmission and check its validity during reception. In such systems the parity bit on cipher text would be automatically modified during transmission. In this case, the encryption and decryption processes must operate independently of the parity bits and the 7-bit CFB (a) mode should be used. If the encryptor and the decryptor both set the most significant bit of the 8-bit cipher byte to be a "1" bit in the feedback, the systems are compatible. Holding no more than eight bits of the DES input constant provides an acceptable level of security for government applications.
An extension of this technique is useful in applications requiring very efficient use of the DES device. If several 7-bit data units are to be enciphered simultaneously, then a "l". bit may be put in the most significant bit position of each 8-bit byte of the feedback path. This extension of the 7-bit CFB alternative mode should be called the K-bit CFB (a) for K= 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 for implementations which encipher, respectively, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 7-bit data units simultaneously. These alternatives provide an acceptable level of security for government applications.
Examples of 7 and 56-bit CFB (a) mode are given in tables D4 and D5, respectively.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE 1-BIT CIPHER FEEDBACK (CFB) MODE
The 1-bit CFB mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key = 0123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector = 1234567890abcdef
The plain text is the binary vector (010011100110111101110111). The DES input and output blocks are written in hexadecimal notation. The + represents bit-by-bit, modulo 2 addition.
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK P + O = C 1 1234567890abcdef bd661569ae874e25 0 + 1 = 1 2 2468acf121579bdf 48b3169c1fac7a10 1 + 0 = 1 3 48d159e242af37bf 0a0143394c9959fe 0 + 0 = 0 4 91a2b3c4855e6f7e 6d52f55fd8bo2711 0 + 0 = 0 5 234567890abcdefc 3a38debb3a2fa892 1 + 0 = 1 6 468acf121579bdf9 719b70bd3dce7acc 1 + 0 = 1 7 8d159e242af37bf3 81809c230adc0d23 1 + 1 = 0 8 1a2b3c4855e6f7e6 83d14a6da6926604 0 + 1 = 1 9 34567890abcdefcd 311e9dc8d6d52d8a 0 + 0 = 0 10 68acf121579bdf9a db47c7feb6fc4272 1 + 1 = 0 11 d159e242af37bf34 b73850afa3b8ed89 1 + 1 = 0 12 a2b3c4855e6f7e68 f5fb19ddoos9o8oo 0 + 1 = 1 13 4567890abcdefcd1 0f4351a9bbffe5a5 1 + 0 = 1 14 8acf121579bdf9a3 769593c58e20d41b 1 + 0 = 1 15 159e242af37bf347 0e949d3f3a293d64 1 + 0 = 1 16 2b3c4855e6f7e68f 921eb7ffeacd0db9 1 + 1 = 0 17 567890abcdefcd1e d2ad109c8895fb95 0 + 1 = 1 18 acf121579bdf9a3d 3c36317828a9bd04 1 + 0 = 1 19 59e242af37bf347b e7248586e7e4ecac 1 + 1 = 0 20 b3c4855e6f7e68f6 f9a58e16a7597c5e 1 + 1 = 0 21 67890abcdefcd1ec e939fdf63d177946 0 + 1 = 1 22 cf121579bdf9a3d9 f325eac046bad58d 1 + 1 = 0 23 9e242af37bf347b2 8385a6d975ffdbba 1 + 1 = 0 24 3c4855e6f7e68f64 70a54baceae7ba6b 1 + 0 = 1
AN EXAMPLE OF THE 8-BIT CIPHER FEEDBACK (CFB) MODE
The 8-bit CFB mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key - 0123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector = 1234567890abcdef
The plain text is the ASCII code for "Now is the." These seven-bit characters are written in hexadecimal notation (0,b7,b6,...b1). The + represents bit-by-bit, modulo 2 addition.
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK P + O = C 1 1234567890abcdef bd661569ae874e25 4e + bd = f3 2 34567890abcdeff3 7039546f9a0f6330 6f + 70 = 1f 3 567890abcdeff31f ad1b78b0bb371be7 77 + ad = da 4 7890abcdeff31fda 2735b01d5ca31f7 20 + 27 = 07 5 90abcdeff31fda07 68863426e397685d 69 + 68 = 01 6 abcdeff31fda0701 6798240e8c6b685f 73 + 67 = 14 7 cdeff31fda070114 421feefb3f8ca64f 20 + 42 = 62 8 eff31fda07011462 9a169a9b50666575 74 + 9a = ee 9 f31fda07011462ee 703b1799be9a5748 68 + 70 = 18 10 1fda07011462ee18 1a4aee195be70077 65 + 1a = 7fThe 8-bit GFB mode in the decrypt state has been selected.
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK C + O = P 1 1234567890abcdef bd661569ae874e25 f3 + bd = 4e 2 34567890abcdeff3 7039546f9a0f6330 1f + 70 = 6f 3 567890abcdeff31f ad1b78b0bb371be7 da + ad = 77 4 7890abcdeff31fda 27350b01d5ca31f7 07 + 27 = 20 5 90abcdeff31fda07 68863426e397685d 01 + 68 = 69 6 abcdeff31fda0701 6798240e8c6b685f 14 + 67 = 73 7 cdeff31fda070114 421feefb3f8ca64f 62 + 42 = 20 8 eff31fda07011462 9a169a9b50666575 ee + 9a = 74 9 f31fdaf17011462ee 703b1799be9a5748 18 + 70 = 68 10 1fda07011462ee18 1a4aee195be70077 7f + 1a = 65
AN EXAMPLE OF ThE 64-BIT CIPHER FEEDBACK (CFB) MODE
The 64-bit CFB mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key - 0123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector - 1234567890abcdef
The plain text is the ASCII code for "Now is the time for all ." These seven- bit characters are written in hexadecimal notation (0,b7,b6,...,b1).
TIME PLAINTEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT CIPHERTEXT
BLOCK BLOCK
The 64-bit CFB mode in the decrypt state hu been selected.
TIME CIPHERTEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT PLAINTEXT
BLOCK BLOCK
AN EXAMPLE OF THE 7-BIT CIPHER FEEDBACK ALTERNATIVE MODE
The 7-bit CFB(a) mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic
Key - 0123456789abcdef
Initiaiization Vector - 1234567890abcdef
The plain text is the ASCII code for "Now is the." These seven-bit
characters are written in hexadecimal notation (0, b7, b6,...b1). The +
represents bit-by-bit, modulo 2 addition.
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK P + O = C 1 1234567890abcdef bd661569ae874e25 4e + bd = 73 2 34567890abcdeff3 7039546f9a0f6330 6f + 70 = 1f 3 567890abcdeff39f e86e0d3772221b21 77 + e8 = 1f 4 7890abcdeff39f9f cbb91f82946f3a68 20 + cb = 6b 5 90abcdeff39f9feb 9faf68acc9d1c4f9 69 + 9f = 76 6 abcdeff39f9febf6 bf7e7edc468df70f 73 + bf = 4c 7 cdeff39f9febf6cc 6a555c03e8c20cea 20 + 6a = 4a 8 eff39f9febf6ccca d8bb411744869e4a 74 + d8 = 2c 9 f39f9febf6cccaac e656f81f3f1a8c28 68 + e6 = 0e 10 9f9febf6cccaac8e cd1883fe15bf7c26 65 + cd = 28The 7-bit CFB(a) mode in the decrypt state has been selected.
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK C + O = P 1 1234567890abcdef bd661569ae874e25 73 + bd = 4e 2 34567890abcdeff3 7039546f9a0f6330 1f + 70 = 6f 3 56789Oabcdeff39f e86eOd3772221b21 1f + e8 = 77 4 7890abcdeff39f9f cbb91f82946f3a68 6b + cb = 20 5 90abcdeff39f9feb 9faf68acc9d1c4f9 76 + 9f = 69 6 abcdeff39f9febf6 bf7e7edc468df70f 4c + bf = 73 7 cdeff39f9febf6cc 6a555cO3e8c20cea 4a + 6a = 20 8 eff39f9febf6ccca d8bb411744869e4a 2c + d8 = 74 9 f39f9febf6cccaac e656f8f3f31a8c28 Oe + e6 = 68 10 9f9febf6cccaac8e cd1883fe15bf7c26 28 + cd = 65
AN EXAMPLE OF THE 56-BIT CIPHER FEEDBACK ALTERNATIVE MODE
The 56-bit CFB(a) mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key - 0123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector - 1234567890abcdef
The plain text is the ASCII code for "Now is the time for all " These seven- bit characters are written in hexadecimal notation (0, b7, b6,. .b1).
TIME PLAINTEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT CIPHERTEXT
BLOCK BLOCK
The 56-bit CFB(a) mode in the decrypt state has been selected.
TIME CIPHERTEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT PLAINTEXT
BLOCK BLOCK
OUTPUT FEEDBACK (OFB) MODE
The Output Feedback (OFB) mode is an additive stream cipher in which errors in the cipher text are not extended to cause additional errors in the decrypted plain text. One bit in error in the cipher text causes only one bit to be in error in the decrypted plain text. Therefore, this mode cannot be used for data authentication but is useful in applications where a few errors in the decrypted plain text are acceptable.
In the OFB mode, the same K bits of the DES output block that are used to encrypt a K-bit unit of plain text are fed back for the next input block. This feedback is completely independent of all plain text and all cipher text. As a result, there is no error extension in OFB mode.
If cryptographic synchronization is lost in the OFB mode, then cryptographic initialization must be performed. The OFB mode is not a self-synchronizing cryptographic mode.
Examples of 1-bit OFB and 8-bit OFB are given in Tables El and E2, respectively.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE 1-BIT OUTPUT FEEDBACK (OFB) MODE
The 1-bit OFB mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key - 0123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector - 1234567890abcdef
The plain text is the binary vector (010011100110111101110111). The + represents bit-by- bit, modulo 2 addition.
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK P + O = C 1 1234567890abcdef bd661569ae874e25 0 + 1 = 1 2 2468acf121579bdf 48b3169c1fac7a10 1 + 0 = 1 3 48d159e242af37be 8879ea93c63d77a5 0 + 1 = 1 4 91a2b3c4855e6f7d 0d36e16101e86d61 0 + 0 = 0 5 234567890abcdefa e9eab8cfc00f4ac3 1 + 1 = 0 6 468acf121579bdf5 9d41640f97df7904 1 + 1 = 0 7 8d159e242af37beb 32f72fd1899eda45 1 + 0 = 1 8 1a2b3c4855e6f7d6 ca2a095d20f4e769 0 + 1 = 1 9 34567890abcdefad de869588355e1041 0 + 1 = 1 10 68acf121579bdf5b 11245e6a8720ddce 1 + 0 = 1 11 d159e242af37beb6 836b0be324094a97 1 + 1 = 0 12 a2b3c4855e6f7d6d c07714703b296a5a 0 + 1 = 1 13 4567890abcdefadb bf6380ecc496d599 1 + 1 = 0 14 8acf121579bdf5b7 96ed6856969aef13 1 + 1 = 0 15 159e242af37beb6f 3823feaa3d170085 1 + 0 = 1 16 2b3c4855e6f7d6de 2d57dc0c899d6700 1 + 0 = 1 17 567890abcdefadbc 2fe1c261c0e1a302 0 + 0 = 0 18 acf121579bdf5b78 778ad641faa047d0 1 + 0 = 1 19 59e242af37beb6f0 f66ae4359eec3755 1 + 1 = 0 20 b3c4855e6f7d6de1 cd0bda27e32a13da 1 + 1 = 0 21 67890abcdefadbc3 9f71f74488551801 0 + 1 = 1 22 cf121579bdf5b787 a62e89aa6b85be74 1 + 1 = 0 23 9e242af37beb6f0f 7b0b2e1de987b804 1 + 0 = 1 24 3c4855e6f7d6de1e 7f41b5ef07c3ea29 1 + 0 = 1
AN EXAMPLE OF THE 8-BIT OUTPUT FEEDBACK (OFB) MODE
Cryptographic Key - 0123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector - 1234567890abcdef
The plain text is the ASCII code for "Now is the." These seven-bit characters are written in hexadecimal notation (0,b7,b6,.. .,b1). The + represents bit-by-bit, modulo 2 addition.
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK P + O = C 1 1234567890abcdef bd661569ae874e25 4e + bd = f3 2 34567890abcdefbd 25e73b5d4cbd2359 6f + 25 = 4a 3 567890abcdefbd25 5f97oo7o5s3623do 77 + 5f = 28 4 7890abcdefbd255f 704ad48bf9eec8fa 20 + 70 = 50 5 90abcdefbd255f7o a0b1a091bb7875s3 69 + a0 = c9 6 abcdefbd255f7oao b58127681139ee7f 73 + b5 = c6 7 cdefbd255f70a0b5 694d556ef5806a65 20 + 69 = 49 8 efbd255f70a0b569 f1885324299132a2 74 + f1 = 85 9 bd255f70a0b569f1 be639ff6d7b74bo4 68 + be = d6 10 255f70a0b569f1be e17b6ae22b4bad65 65 + e1 = 84
The 8-bit OFB mode in the decrypt state has been selected.
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK C + O = P 1 1234567890abcdef bd661569ae874e25 f3 + bd = 4e 2 34567890abcdefbd 25e73b5d4cbd2359 4a + 25 = 6f 3 567890abcdefbd25 5f97oo7oss3623do 28 + 5f = 77 4 7890abcdefbd255f 704ad48bf9eec8fa 50 + 70 = 20 5 90abcdefbd255f7o a0b1a091bb787553 c9 + a0 = 69 6 abcdefbd255f70ao b58127681139ee7f c6 + b5 = 73 7 cdefbd255f7oa0b5 694d556ef5806a65 49 + 69 = 20 8 efbd255f70aob569 f1885324299132a2 85 + f1 = 74 9 bd255f70a0b569f1 be639ff6d7b74b04 d6 + be = 68 10 255f70a0b569f1be e17b6ae22b4bad65 84 + e1 = 65
DES AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUE
The DES can be used for message (data) authentication. A Message Authentication Code (MAC) is generated (computed) as a cryptographic function of the message (data). The MAC is then stored or transmitted with the data. Only those knowing the secret key can recompute the DEAD for the received message and verify that the message has not been modified by comparing the computed DEAD with the stored or transmitted DEAD. An unauthorized recipient of the data who does not possess the key cannot modify the data and generate a new DEAD to correspond with the modified data. This technique is useful in applications which require maintaining data integrity but which do not require protecting the data from disclosure. For example, computer programs may be stored in plain text form with a computed DEAD appended to the program file. The program may be read and executed without decryption. However, when the integrity of the program is questioned, a MAC can be computed on the program file and compared with the one stored in the file. If the two MAC's are identical and the cryptographic key used to generate the MAC has been protected, then the program file has not been modified.
A MAC may be generated using either the CBC or the CFB mode. In CBC authentication, a message is encrypted in the normal CBC manner but the cipher text is discarded. Messages which terminate in partial data blocks must be padded on the right (LSB) with zeros. In CBC authentication, the most significant M bits of the final output block are used as the MAC, where M is the number of bits in the MAC.
In CFB authentication, a message is encrypted in the normal CFB manner except that the cipher text is discarded. After encrypting the final K bits of data and feeding the resulting cipher text back into the DES input block, the DES device is operated one more time and the most significant M bits of the resulting DES output block are used as the MAC.
In both CBC and CFB authentication, a MAC should be used that is as long as practical. Since a MAC is an error detection code (which is computed using cryptographic techniques), a long MAC is desirable. Bit manipulation within a message using a MAC of length M will be detectable with a probability of 1- (1/2N). Concluding that a message has not been modified is based upon this probability. The proposed Federal Standard 1026 requires M to be at least 24 for Federal telecommunication applications. Financial transaction application standards are recommending M to be 32. Application designers should select M to optimize security and efficiency requirements.
In ADP communications security applications a message numbering and verifying system should be used to protect against insertion of false messages, deletion of valid messages, and replay of a previously valid message. The combined use of a unique Message Identifier (MID) and a MAC achieves these security objectives in addition to protecting the message against message modification. If the data source MAC and the data destination MAC are in agreement and if the MID agrees with the value expected by the receiver, then these four security objectives have been accomplished. The MID should be unique and deterministic for each message transmitted between a sender and receiver. The uniqueness may be achieved through the use of a simple binary counter.
Examples of the MAC calculation using CBC and 8-bit CFB are given in Tables F1 and F2, respectively.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE CIPHER BLOCK CHAINING (CBC) MODE FOR AUTHENTICATION
The CBC mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key 0123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector - 1234S67890abcdef
The plain text is the ASCII code for "7654321 Now is the time for ." These seven-bit characters are written in hexadecimal notation (0,b7,b6,..b1).
TIME PLAIN TEXT DES INPUT DES OUTPUT
BLOCK BLOCK
- 3736353433323120 25O2634ca399fccf b9916b8ee4c3da64
- 4e6f772O69732O74 f7felcae8dbOfalo b4f44e3cbefb9948
- 68652O74696d6520 dc916e48d796fc68 4S2l388fa59ae67d
- 666f7220OOOOO0OO 234e4aafa59ae67d 058d2e77e86O62733
32-bit MAC is selected.
TEXT MAC
3736353433323l204e6f772068732074686S2O74696d652O666f722O58d2e77e
AN EXAMPLE OF THE CIPHER FEEDBACK (CFB) MODE FOR AUTHENTICATION
The 8-bit CFB mode in the encrypt state has been selected.
Cryptographic Key -123456789abcdef
Initialization Vector - 1234S67890abcdef
TIME DES INPUT BLOCK DES OUTPUT BLOCK P + O = C
1 23456789Oabcdef bd661569ae874e25 37 + bd = 8a
2 3456789Oabcdef8a b156f27e4O84b3e1 36 + b1 = 87
3 5789Oabcdef8a87 346594a9f532e7ef 35 + 34 = 01
4 789Oabcdef8a87o1 ed228c3dObo87e56 34 + ed = d9
5 9Oabcdef8a87O1d9 12fffb7d10c59f6e 33 + 12 = 21
6 abcdef8a87o1d921 O2de319634551992 32 + 02 = 30
7 cdef8a8701d92130 be3ee94f5b0d9337 31 + be = 8f
8 ef8a87o1d9213o8f 15a8855f3e99o8b3 20 + 15 = 35
9 8a8701d9213O8f35 3af549c9c870562c 4e + 3a = 74
10 87o1d9213o8f3574 d2b323ada61cdeoo 6f + d2 = bd
11 O1d9213o8f3574bd 6977832969dbbeba 77 + 69 = 1e
12 d9213O8f3574bd1e 5473999aba6c9813 20 + 54 = 74
13 21308f3574bd1e74 9db2dcb11bcefd56 69 + 9d = f4
14 308f3574bd1e74f4 41dd4dfde3648513 73 + 41 = 32
15 8f3574bd1e74f432 349de10f1d65672o 20 + 34 = 14
16 3574bd1e74f43214 0384e72851495e94 74 + 03 = 77
17 74bd1e74f4321477 64aeb25d7a54bb91 68 + 64 = 0c
18 bd1e74f4321477oc IfO7839f59391e53 65 + 1f = 7a
19 Ie74f4321477oc7a I4d3c21640e42157 20 + 14 = 34
20 74f4321477Oc7a34 fb7a853aadb39183 74 + fb = 8f
21 f4321477Oc7a348f edee83bOao7afcd4 69 + ed = 84
22 3214770c7a348f84 5065694b1a1b765c 6d + 50 = 3d
23 I477oc7a348f843d 68ec7ad3602e91c2 65 + 68 = Od
24 77Oc7a348f843d0d 28f5c32ae7b4495f 20 + 28 = 08
25 Oc7a348f843dodo8 523d79cb8d3eb462 66 + 52 = 34
26 7a348f843d0d 834 dd5816fac447o533 6f + dd = b2
27 348f843d0d0834b2 b61ec6Of26c3b29a 72 + b6 = c4
28 8f843dOdO834b2c4 daca26833o988a7d 20 + da = fa
29 843d0dO834b2c4fa cd6474O3bc9oc4c4
32-bit MAC selected.
TEXT MAC 37363534333231204e6f77206873207468652074696d6520666f7220cd647403
FIPS PUB 81
FEDERAL INFORMATION
PROCESSING STANDARDS PUBLICATION
1980 December 2
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Institute of
Standards and
Technology
This office has a record of your interest in receiving changes to
the above FIPS PUB. The change(s) indicated below have been
provided by the Maintenance Agency for this publication and will
be included in the next published revision to this FIPS PUB.
Questions or requests for additional information should be
addressed to the Maintenance Agency:
Department Of Commerce
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Computer Systems Laboratory
Washington, D.C. 20234
CHANGE ITEM(S)
PAGE SECTION PARA. LINE(S) ORIGINAL
CHANGE
8 4 3 All An acceptable Replace with (a) below
16 5 All The 7-bit CFB Replace with (a) below
16 6 2,4 7-bit 8-bit
16 6 5 14,21,28,35,42, 16,24,32,40,48,
49, and 56 56, and 64
16 6 6 and 7-bit and 8, 8-bit
16 7 1 7 and 56-bit 8 and 64-bit
20 2,3 7-BIT 8-BIT
20 13 7-BIT 8-BIT
21 2,3 56-BIT 64-BIT
21 13 56-BIT 64-BIT
a) An acceptable alternative for 7-bit CFB that uses an 8-bit
feedback path while enciphering 7-bit data units is the 7-bit
CFB(a) mode of operation. This alternative always inserts a
"1" in bit position one of the 8-bit feedback path so that the
feedback is of the form (1 ,C1 ,C2,C3,C4,C5,CS,C7). The
cipher is represented as a 7-bit entity of the fom
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7).
An acceptable alternative for 8-bit CFB when enciphering 8-bit
data units composed of a non-information bit followed by a 7-
bit code (e.g., p,b7,b6,b5,b4,b3,b2,b1) is the 8-bit CFB(a)
mode of operation. This alternative is similar to the 8-bit
CFB except that a "1" bit is always inserted in bit position
one of the 8-bit feedback path so that the feedback is of the
form (1, C2, C3,C4,CE,C6,C7,C8). The cipher is represented
as
an 8-bit entity of the form (C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8) or
(0,C2, C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8) or (1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8) or
(P,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8) where P is a cipher parity bit.
(b) The 7-bit CFB(a) mode is defined in the standard in order
to encipher and decipher 7-bit data units and still use an 8-
bit feedback path.
Most computer and communication systems are designed to
efficiently handle full 8-bit bytes. When using 7-bit codes
the eighth bit of the byte is often used as a parity bit so
that the byte is of the form (p,b7,b6,b5,b4,b3,b2,b1). These
systems often generate the parity bit during transmission and
check its validity during reception. In such systems the
parity bit on cipher text would be automatically modified
during transmission. In this cases the encryption and
decryption processes must operate independently of the parity
bits and the 8-bit CFB(a) mode should be used.
NOTE: These changes are provided-to make the specification of
the 7-bit CFB(a) mode consistent with that specified in a
proposed American National Standard for the Modes of
Operation of the Data Encryption Algorithm. The 8-bit CFB(a)
mode and its extensions are defined in FIPS PUB 81 so that they
may be used in many application standards.